大型水利水电工程实施占用耕地补偿制度的思考

本文在分析长江三峡工程用地特点的基础上。对大型水利水电工程实施耕地补偿制度中的问题和困难进行调查研究，认为应从新的视角来认识大型水利水电工程的耕地占补平衡问题。进而探索耕地补偿制度实施的新途径和新方式。应在耕地总量动态平衡政策适当调整的基础上．将“以地补地”和“缴费补地”的方式相结合。既通过土地整理．在提商土地质量的前提下增加耕地的有效面积：又要落实耕地开垦费．扶持库区的土地整理。从而使库区的耕地占补制度顺利实施。     

三峡大坝对重庆城区水环境的影响及对策

本文在假定城区排污量维持1990年水平的条件下,用计算机模拟了三峡大坝建成后重庆城区长江、嘉陵江岸边污染带增宽的情况。同时,借助水质模型模拟的2000年时城区的水质状况和城区两个控制断面上的多年监测浓度值,用灰色理论预测了三峡水库形成后重庆城区的实际岸边污染带宽度和九种污染物的断面平均浓度。最后,提出一套最佳的对策方案及投资估算。     

三峡库区滑坡地带岩石特性的研究

针对三峡库区组成滑坡岩层的主要岩石——泥质岩、灰岩、砂岩,通过显微镜观察、X射线分析显微镜的定量分析及室内岩石力学强度试验,对各岩石的特性进行了分析。显微镜及X射线定量分析结果表明风化较弱的泥质岩基本上含有石英与钙质矿物,后者由于易溶于水而导致岩石的孔隙率增加。孔隙的一部分连接形成了裂缝, 从而使岩石的强度下降。各岩石的单轴压缩试验结果表明砂岩的强度最高,发生了风化的泥质砂岩的强度最低。在饱和状态下紫红色泥岩及风化了的泥质砂岩的单轴压缩强度降低最显著,比自然干燥状态下降低了大约50%, 推测是受粘土矿物含量的影响。所有岩石都表现出在峰值强度之前应力与应变几乎呈线性关系,而峰值强度之后应力急剧下降的脆性特征。这种在饱和状态下岩石强度大幅度下降与脆性特征表明在治理滑坡时需要采取十分周密及复杂的预防措施。     

Hydropower,adaptive management,and Biodiversity

Adaptive management is a policy framework within which an iterative process of decision making is followed based on the observed responses to and effectiveness of previous decisions. The use of adaptive management allows science-based research and monitoring of natural resource and ecological community responses, in conjunction with societal values and goals, to guide decisions concerning man's activities. The adaptive management process has been proposed for application to hydropower operations at Glen Canyon Dam on the Colorado River, a situation that requires complex balancing of natural resources requirements and competing human uses. This example is representative of the general increase in public interest in the operation of hydropower facilities and possible effects on downstream natural resources and of the growing conflicts between uses and users of river-based resources. This paper describes the adaptive management process, using the Glen Canyon Dam example, and discusses ways to make the process work effectively in managing downstream natural resources and biodiversity.     

青海沟后水库垮坝的防疫措施

运用预防医学手段减少疾病，维护灾民身体健康，是抗洪救灾的重要内容。本文结合沟后水库垮坝后采取的对策来概述洪涝灾害的卫生防疫措施，供有关部门参考。     

MEASURED AND PREDICTED VELOCITY AND LONGITUDINAL DISPERSION AT STEAI)Y AND UNSTEADY FLOW,COLORADO RIVER,GLEN CANYON DAM TO LAKE MEAD1

ABSTRACT: The effect of unsteadiness of dam releases on velocity and longitudinal dispersion of flow was evaluated by injecting a fluorescent dye into the Colorado River below Glen Canyon Dam and sampling for dye concentration at selected sites downstream. Measurements of a 26-kilometer reach of Glen Canyon, just below Glen Canyon Dam, were made at nearly steady dam releases of 139, 425, and 651 cubic meters per second. Measurements of a 380-kilometer reach of Grand Canyon were made at steady releases of 425 cubic meters per second and at unsteady releases with a daily mean of about 425 cubic meters per second. In Glen Canyon, average flow velocity through the study reach increased directly with discharge, but dispersion was greatest at the lowest of the three flows measured. In Grand Canyon, average flow velocity varied slightly from subreach to subreach at both steady and unsteady flow but was not significantly different at steady and unsteady flow over the entire study reach. Also, longitudinal dispersion was not significantly different during steady and unsteady flow. Long tails on the time-concentration curves at a site, characteristic of most rivers but not predicted by the one-dimensional theory, were not found in this study. Absence of tails on the curves shows that, at the measured flows, the eddies that are characteristic of the Grand Canyon reach do not trap water for a significant length of time. Data from the measurements were used to calibrate a one-dimensional flow model and a solute-transport model. The combined set of calibrated flow and solute-transport models was then used to predict velocity and dispersion at potential dam-release patterns.     

阿斯旺高坝的生态环境问题

:通过对阿斯旺高坝和尼罗河的实际考察和生态环境监测数据的分析 ,介绍了埃及政府相关管理部门的官员和专家对阿斯旺工程的看法 ,对阿斯旺高坝及其生态环境问题进行了评述。认为阿斯旺工程是一个成功的工程 ,它对埃及发挥的巨大影响和积极作用是有目共睹的。它对生态环境的不利影响 ,确被很多批评者盲目地夸大了 ,其中也包含有政治因素。中国在修建水利工程时 ,要对环境的影响作出客观、科学的评价 ,并采取措施把不利影响减少到最小。阿斯旺高坝运行近 30年 ,在生态环境监测方面积累了丰富的数据 ,这些成果和结论对三峡工程具有直接的借鉴和参考价值。     

Environmental management of the Colorado River within the Grand Canyon

Irreversible environmental changes are occurring along the Colorado River in the Grand Canyon as a result of regulation of the river flow by the Glen Canyon Dam. The questions of primary importance in managing this great natural resource are 1) in what manner and how rapidly are the physical and ecological adjustments taking place, and 2) is the increased use of the river for recreational boating contributing to the degradation? Human use along the Colorado River is limited, for the most part, to the relic, pre-dam fluvial deposits colloquially called “beaches.” With the new river regime these deposits are positioned well above the present high-water stage, 27,000 cubic feet/second (cfs), or 765 cubic meters/second (cms), so they are not replenished periodically as they were prior to construction of the dam in 1963. The dominant natural processes now are aeolian sand transport and mass wasting. The float-trip passengers use the river beaches for hiking, camping, and. lunch stops. At the most desirable sites thirty to forty people camp on the beaches each night over a four to five month season. Human impact includes incorporation of campsite litter, burial of chemically treated waste, and the direct stress associated with people walking on the vegetation and unstable sedimentary deposits. Results of our investigations indicate that the rate of degradation at the most heavily used sites exceeds the capacity of aeolian processes to reestablish natural landscapes. Therefore, careful management of float trjps is needed if these environments are to be maintained in a natural state rather than a “sand-box” state.     

Spectroscopic Distribution of Dissolved Organic Matter in a Dam Reservoir Impacted by Turbid Storm Runoff

Spectroscopic characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a large dam reservoir were determined using ultraviolet absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy to investigate spatial distribution of DOM composition after turbid storm runoff. Water samples were collected along a longitudinal axis of the reservoir at three to four depths after a severe storm runoff. Vertical profiles of turbidity data showed that a turbid water layer was located at a middle depth of the entire reservoir. The spectroscopic characteristics of DOM samples in the turbid water layer were similar to those of terrestrial DOM, as demonstrated by the higher specific UV absorbance (SUVA) and the lower fluorescence emission intensity ratio (F ₄₅₀/F ₅₀₀) compared to other surrounding DOM samples in the reservoir. Synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that higher content of humic-like DOM composition was contained in the turbid water. Fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) showed that lower content of protein-like aromatic amino acids was present in the turbid water DOM. The highest protein-like fluorescence was typically observed at a bottom layer of each sampling location. The bottom water DOM exhibited extremely high protein-like florescence near the dam site. The particular observation was attributed to the low water temperature and the isolation of the local bottom water due to the upper location of the withdrawal outlet near the dam. Our results suggest that the distribution of DOM composition in a dam reservoir is strongly influenced by the outflow operation, such as selective withdrawal, as well as terrestrial-origin DOM inputs from storm runoff.